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English Grammar

Advanced Grammar

Once you are comfortable with parts of speech and tenses, the next layer of grammar is transformations and functional rules: changing Active to Passive, converting Direct to Indirect speech, choosing the right article, framing question tag…
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Why it matters

Voice change, narration and conditionals are direct questions in SSC CGL Tier-I/II, Bank PO Mains descriptive sections and most state PSC exams. Articles and question-tag errors are favourites in Spotting Errors.
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Active and Passive Voice

In Active voice the subject performs the action; in Passive voice the subject receives the action.

Exam tipIntransitive verbs (sleep, come, arrive) and stative verbs (have, possess, resemble) cannot be changed to passive voice.
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Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration)

Direct speech reports the speaker's exact words within quotation marks; Indirect speech reports them as a paraphrase.

Exam tipIf the reported speech states a universal truth, habitual fact, or historical event, the tense does NOT change: 'The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun.'
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Articles and Determiners (A, An, The, Some, Any, Much, Many)

Articles ('a', 'an', 'the') and determiners (some, any, much, many, few, little) specify which noun is being talked about.

Exam tipNo article is used before names of meals (breakfast, lunch), languages (Hindi, English) and abstract nouns used in a general sense (Honesty is the best policy).
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Question Tags

A question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement to confirm or check it.

Exam tipWith 'I am', the tag is 'aren't I?': 'I am right, aren't I?' (not 'amn't I').
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Quick Revision Facts

  • In passive voice, by-agent is dropped if the doer is unknown, obvious or unimportant.
  • Reporting verb tense never changes; only the reported verb shifts (when reporting verb is past).
  • Use 'a' before words that begin with a consonant sound, not letter — 'an MA', 'a university'.
  • After 'wish', 'as if', 'as though' and 'if only', use 'were' for unreal present.
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English Grammar
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