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English Grammar

Sentence Structure

Syntax governs how words are arranged to form meaningful sentences. Errors in subject-verb agreement, sentence type identification and clause analysis are heavily tested in objective exams. Mastering this section also improves descriptive…

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Why it matters

Spotting Errors questions in SSC and Banking exams routinely test subject-verb agreement (collective nouns, 'either/or', 'one of'). Para Jumbles and Reading Comprehension reward students who can quickly identify clauses and sentence types.

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Subject-Verb Agreement (Concord)

The verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

Exam tip'A number of' takes plural verb; 'The number of' takes singular verb. 'A number of students are absent.' / 'The number of absentees is rising.'
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Types of Sentences (by Function)

By function, sentences are classified into Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory.

Exam tipSentences starting with 'How' or 'What' followed by an adjective and noun are exclamatory, not interrogative: 'What a lovely garden!'
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Sentence Complexity (Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex)

By structure, sentences are Simple (one independent clause), Compound (two independent clauses), Complex (one independent + one or more dependent), or Compound-Complex (two or more independent + at least one dependent).

Exam tipTransformation questions ask you to convert a Simple sentence into a Complex/Compound or vice-versa without changing meaning — practise this with cause-effect and time clauses.
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Phrases and Clauses

A phrase is a group of related words without a subject-verb pair; a clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.

Exam tipIf you can replace a group of words with 'it/this' (noun), or 'such' (adjective), or 'then/there' (adverb), it is functioning as that type of phrase or clause.
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Quick Revision Facts

  • Two singular subjects joined by 'with', 'as well as', 'along with', 'together with', 'in addition to' do NOT change the…
  • Collective nouns acting as a unit take singular verbs; acting individually take plural: 'The jury is unanimous.' / 'The…
  • 'None' can take singular or plural; modern usage allows both.
  • A Simple sentence may be long and have many phrases, but it has only one finite verb.
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English Grammar